Types of Slavery in Africa and the World Today

Whether slavery existed within sub-Saharan African societies before the arrival of Europeans is a hotly contested point between Afrocentric and Eurocentric academics. What is certain is that Africans, like other people throughout the world, have been subjected to several forms of slavery over the centuries, including chattel slavery under both the Muslims with the trans-Saharan slave trade and Europeans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Even after the abolition of the slave trade in Africa, colonial powers continued to use forced labor, such as in King Leopolds Congo Free State (which was operated as a massive labor camp) or as libertos on the Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde or Sao Tome. Major Types of Slavery It can be argued that all of the following qualify as slavery—the United Nations deems slavery to be the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised and slave as a person in such condition or status. Slavery existed long before European imperialism, but the scholarly emphasis on the African transatlantic slave trade led to a neglect of contemporary forms of slavery until the 21st century. Chattel Slavery Chattel slavery is the most familiar type of slavery, although they make up a comparatively small proportion of slaves in the world today. It involves the complete ownership of one human being by another, whether captured, born, or sold into permanent servitude; their children are normally also treated as property. Chattel slaves are considered property and are traded as such. They have no rights, are expected to perform labor (and sexual favors) at the command of a slave master. This is the form of slavery which was carried out in the Americas as a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. There are reports that chattel slavery still exists in Islamic North Africa, in such countries as Mauritania and Sudan (despite both countries being participants in the 1956 UN slavery convention). One example is that of Francis Bok, who was taken into bondage during a raid on his village in southern Sudan in 1986 at the age of seven and spent ten years as a chattel slave in the north of Sudan before escaping. The Sudanese government denies the continued existence of slavery in its country. Debt Bondage The most common form of slavery in the world today is debt bondage, known as bonded labor, or peonage, a type of enslavement resulting from a debt owed to a moneylender, usually in the form of forced agricultural labor: in essence, people as used collateral against their debts. Labor is provided by the person who owes the debt, or a relative (typically a child): the borrowers labor pays off the interest on the loan, but not the original debt itself. It is unusual for a bonded laborer to ever escape their indebtedness since further costs would accrue during the period of bondage (food, clothing, shelter), and it is not unknown for the debt to be inherited across several generations. Faulty accounting and huge interest rates, sometimes as much as 60 or 100 percent, are used in extreme cases. In the Americas, peonage was extended to include criminal peonage, where prisoners sentenced to hard labor were farmed out to private or governmental groups. Africa has its own unique version of debt bondage called pawnship. Afrocentric academics claim that this was a much milder form of debt bondage compared to that experienced elsewhere since it would occur on a family or community basis where social ties existed between debtor and creditor. Forced Labor or Contract Slavery Contract slavery is defined as that created when the slaveholder guarantees employment, luring job seekers to remote locations. Once a worker arrives at the place of promised employment, he or she is violently coerced into labor without pay. Otherwise known as unfree labor, forced labor, as the name implies, is based on the threat of violence against the laborer (or his or her family). Laborers contracted for a specific period would find themselves unable to escape enforced servitude, and the contracts are then used to mask the slavery as a legitimate work arrangement. This was used to an overwhelming extent in King Leopolds Congo Free State and on Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde and Sao Tome. Minor Types Several less common types of slavery are found throughout the world and account for a small number of the total number of slaves. Most of these types tend to be restricted to specific geographic locations. State Slavery or War Slavery State slavery is that which is government-sponsored, where the state and army captures and forces its own citizens to work, often as laborers or bearers in military campaigns against indigenous populations or for government construction projects. State slavery is practiced in Myanmar and North Korea. Religious Slavery Religious slavery is when religious institutions are used to maintain slavery, One common scenario is when young girls are given to local priests to atone for the sins of their family members, which is thought to appease the gods for the crimes committed by relatives. IPoor families will in effect sacrifice a daughter by having her marry a priest or a god, and end up often working as a prostitute. Domestic Servitude This type of slavery is when women and children are forced to serve as domestic workers in a household, held at force, isolated from the outside world and never allowed outside. Serfdom A term usually restricted to medieval Europe, serfdom is when a tenant farmer is bound to a section of land and was thus under the control of a landlord. The serf can feed themselves by working on their lords land  but is liable for the provision of other services, such as working on other sections of land or military service. A serf was tied to the land, and could not leave without his lords permission; they often required permission to marry, to sell goods, or to change their occupation. Any legal redress lay with the lord. Although this is considered a European condition, the circumstances of servitude are not unlike those experienced under several African kingdoms, such as that of the Zulu in the early nineteenth century. Slavery Around the World The number of people who today are enslaved to a degree depends on how one defines the term. There are at least 27 million people in the world who are permanently or temporarily under the complete control of some other person, business or state, who maintains that control by violence or the threat of violence. They live in nearly every country in the world, although the majority are believed to be concentrated in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Slavery is also endemic in southeast Asia, Northern and Western Africa, and South America; and there are pockets in the United States, Japan, and many European countries. Sources Androff, David K. The Problem of Contemporary Slavery: An International Human Rights Challenge for Social Work. International Social Work 54.2 (2011): 209–22. Print.Bales, Kevin. Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization. Journal of International Affairs 53.2 (2000): 461–84. Print.Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, as adopted by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 608(XXI) of 30 April 1956 and done at Geneva on 7 September 1956.

Writing Project II In Modern Society - 1269 Words

W. Garrett Dubocq Kristian Einstman ENG 101 23 October 2015 Writing Project II: Transgenders in Modern Society What is a sex? What is gender? According to Merriam-Webster the word sex means, â€Å"either of the two major forms of individuals that occur in many species and that are distinguished respectively as female or male especially on the basis of their reproductive organs and structures† and gender means, â€Å"an inflection form showing membership in such a subclass†. Basically, an individual’s sex is determined at birth, but is interchangeable depending on the gender those individuals desire. The problem that comes with classifying one’ â€Å"sex† is that in current time’s operations and some medical conditions separate individuals from either group of male and/or female due to a mixture of organs. Now here comes into play†¦the word transgender, which was developed for such mixtures and according to Merriam-Webster it means, â€Å"Of, relating to, or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person’s sex at birth†. The majority of the populous enjoys being in their own personal bubble and anything abnormal attempting to alter the normal characteristics and beliefs of that bubble are cast out into the oblivion. Basically, many new ideals being formed in modern society affect many beliefs in cultures and the overall thought process of many persons. In this case, gender roles that have existed for thousandsShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of Protest Movement Essay1 183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Movement of Protest 1) â€Å"It was a decade of extremes, of transformational change and bizarre contrasts: flower children and assassins, idealism and alienation, rebellion and backlash. 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Enforing schools to all have a school uniform Free Essays

When you think of your typical pupil, what are they dressed in? Some people would state in denims and in a jumper, but the right reply would be in a school uniform! For many old ages now we school uniforms have been the symbol for smart, focused, and hardworking pupils. We are besides really stylish ; I personally make my pupil expression astonishing and mature with my chevrons and colorss. So I ask you, Ontario Ministry of Education, why are we non used in all of your schools? Some would reason that school uniforms limit a pupil from showing themselves, but there are many other ways to show yourself, non merely in your apparels ( â€Å" Do you believe in School uniforms? â€Å" , par. We will write a custom essay sample on Enforing schools to all have a school uniform or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9 ) . We are non harmful, but in fact are good to both the pupils and the schools and therefore should be used in all of your schools. We ‘re helpful in many ways, but most significantly because we teach pupils subject and focal point, we help schools place interlopers from pupils, and we eliminate a major beginning of intimidation ; vesture. Enforcing a rigorous frock codification may look harsh to some, but it teaches pupils to train themselves and to concentrate more. You may non believe it, but school uniforms do assistance in a pupil ‘s focal point. Research at a school with uniforms found that â€Å" 44 % of parents have found that their childs are more focussed in school after have oning uniforms † ( Lalwani, â€Å" School Uniforms: Facts on School Uniforms † , par. 3 ) . With about half the pupils more focussed than earlier, it is clear that my brothers and sisters at that place improved their concentration to the point where even the parents noticed. Some would oppugn how precisely we could assist pupils concentrate. Well, maintaining that in head, research besides found that the pupils were more focussed â€Å" because they are non obsessed with the manner they look in comparing to others † ( Lalwani, â€Å" School Uniforms: Facts on School Uniforms † , par. 4 ) . Everyone is se lf-aware of how they look, worrying about if they are have oning the right apparels or the best trade names ( â€Å" Do you believe in School uniforms? â€Å" , par. 5 ) . This changeless badgering distracts pupils from their surveies. If schools were to utilize my friends and household, so pupils would n’t blow clip worrying over their apparels. Aside from the immediate benefits, implementing this rigorous frock codification besides helps the pupils ‘ hereafter as good. Learning to be punctual with a rigorous frock codification such as a uniform is a life accomplishment that the pupils will larn while in school if we are used. Alternatively of larning this accomplishment while working at a occupation where you can acquire fired, the pupils will already be ready. As you can see, one of our many occupations is to better a pupil ‘s academic life and besides to assist schools catch intruders. Probably one of the most of import benefits of utilizing us, from a school ‘s position, would be that anyone who is non a pupil would be easy identified. In schools without a uniform, it is about impossible to pick a intruder out from a crowd of pupils merely by looking at them because there is nil seeable that separates pupils from interlopers. I can remember many occasions where this pupil walked into another school to see his friends, and the instructors were non even cognizant he was intruding. Schools can truly merely be certain who goes to the school or non by looking at the pupil cards, but it takes excessively much clip to inquire each pupil to demo their cards. We are the solution to this job because we â€Å" could assist school decision makers identify non-students intruders, and other visitants in the hallway who stand out in the crowd † ( â€Å" School Uniforms, Dress Codes, A ; Book Bags † , par. 3 ) . It is rather obvious who the intruder is in a c rowd if everyone except one is have oning a school uniform. If you still are non positive, I know of one clip where an interloper was identified in a school with uniforms. My close friend was being worn by his pupil one twenty-four hours when a individual walked into the school without a uniform. The pupil rapidly informed a instructor and the instructor approached the adult male and told him to go forth. Since the interloper stood out, he was identified every bit shortly as he walked in. Clearly uniforms aid schools with the issue of intruders, and besides with the issue of strong-arming. It is a known fact that childs get bullied in school. However there is one manner to cut down the sum of intimidation and struggles and that is to utilize school uniforms. Research at California ‘s Long Beach Unified school proved the relationship between uniforms and struggles at school because they had a lessening in offenses, suspensions and sex offenses by at least 90 % after raising the unvarying frock codification ( Lalwani, â€Å" School Uniforms: Facts on School Uniforms † , par. 2 ) . Once the school started to utilize uniforms, non merely was at that place less intimidation, but besides less offenses in general. The ground for this is that â€Å" childs are non picked on due to the sort of apparels they wear † ( Lalwani, â€Å" School Uniforms: Facts on School Uniforms † , par. 4 ) . Obviously no 1 would pick on person because of their apparels if they are besides have oning the same apparels. Basically what we are making is uniting the pupils ( à ¢â‚¬Å" Do you believe in School uniforms? â€Å" , par. 1 ) . Even if two pupils have ne’er met before, they will experience little more familiar with each other because they ‘re have oning the same apparels, stand foring the same school. Wearing my sort â€Å" instills a sense of uniformity and the feeling of being oneaˆÂ ¦ † ( Lalwani, â€Å" School Uniforms: Facts on School Uniforms † , par. 4 ) . With this integrity, pupils can look past the visual aspects and societal positions and merely be friendly with each other. It is easy to separate the societal positions based on apparels, giving the wealthier people with nicer apparels a ground to bully the non so affluent people. â€Å" When I was in high school, my household was hapless. I had three braces of bloomerss to have on at school, one brace of places and possibly 4-5 shirts. My friends and non-friends noticed. Many said things they thought I could non hear † ( â€Å" Do you believe i n School uniforms? â€Å" , par. 11 ) . This individual that came from a hapless household did non hold a batch of apparels so he was bullied because everyone noticed. Had the school used uniforms, no 1 would hold noticed. Thankss to uniforms, intimidation has been reduced in many schools ; nevertheless we can merely assist the schools that are willing to make out and take our manus. It is clear now that we, school uniforms, are good to pupils and the schools. It has been proven that pupils are more focussed in school, schools are safer in general, and intimidation is reduced by a batch. Some schools have realized merely how utile we are. However we wish to assist as many schools as we can. We merely exist to function the pupils and the schools. With this many benefits, non merely should some schools have uniforms, but all schools in Ontario should hold uniforms. It is up to you to take the first measure towards a better educational system and towards the redress for most school issues ; school uniforms. How to cite Enforing schools to all have a school uniform, Essay examples

Corporate management and communication

Question: Discuss about the Corporate management and communication. Answer: Introduction The report discusses about the Bega Cheese Ltd., one of the biggest Dairy operator in Australia equipped with 23 varieties of product lines along with various production units in the areas of New South Wales (Bega Cheese, 2017). The corporate management of Bega Cheese is an area of focus for this report. The detailed analysis on the background of the company, the external environmental factors and the organizational structure are discussed in this report (Bega Cheese, 2017). The research focuses on the corporate reputation and the stakeholders relationship management of Bega Cheese to understand the reputation of the company in the Australian Diary Industry. Company background Bega Cheese is more than 100 years old public listed company and owned by their stakeholders. The company manufactures natural cheddar cheese and produces various flavored and textured cheese packs for the supermarket (Bega Cheese, 2017). Along with that, Bega produces milk powders and bio-nutrient products and supply cheese to few companies who manufactures products containing cheese. Bega has an advance department for RnD and they invest a big amount of their profit for this purpose. The company assures their customers about the quality of the products and the strategy helps to maintain reputation among the stakeholders and in the Australian Dairy Market (Farm Services, 2017). Factors Influencing Bega Cheese The company focuses on the various flavored and textured Cheese production to penetrate in the Dairy market of Australia. There are few factors which are influencing the performance of the company such as Positive Effect Negative Effect Strong sales and distribution network in Australia Efficient quality control schemes Skilled workforce in the factory High demand in the Australian Market for the products of the company Variety of product lines and more innovations Strategic pricing for the products Advanced Technology for Water recycling process in the factory sites The company has enough potential both internal and external to increase the growth rate in Australian Dairy market. Scattered factory set up Environmental problems like shifting climates Increasing price of milk and other raw materials Threat of competitors in the market Less scope in factory connectivity, Various challenges in production set up due to climate Price of raw material can effect on the cost of production and hence in the pricing strategy for the end-user products Organizational Structure The Bega Cheese operates their entire business through their dairy farm, the factory units and the corporate office. The organization has these three main division. However, the company has an organizational hierarchy. The company use to hire fresh graduate for their factory set up along with their corporate business and eventually trains them to build required skills in them. Bega Cheese always maintains their mentoring program to enable their employees for the success path. The objective of the organization is to motivate people for the perceived goals. Along with that, the company has an RnD set up by which Bega focuses on advancement in technological bases for the factory along with farming divisions. Stakeholders theory The study of organizational management includes the theory of stakeholders. It addresses the morals and business ethics to manage an organization (Harrison Wicks, 2013). The author Ian Mitroff first introduced this theory in the year 1983. The study focuses on the principle of counting the desired groups for the business management (Harrison, Freeman de Abreu, 2015). The book Strategic Management: A stakeholders approach by Edward Freeman suggests that the managers are not only answerable to the shareholders, they should value the stakeholders in the business (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). According to the author, the stakeholders directory consists of various communities, target customers, the employees of the organization, the suppliers, trade unions and associations, political parties and the most important, the financiers. The author says, every business should create value for their stakeholders and maintain a good relationship with them to establish a better identity in the society and market (Harrison, Freeman de Abreu, 2015). In traditional view, the shareholders or stockholders are the owner of the firm and the firm is financially bound to provide valuation towards them (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). However, stakeholders theory contends, the people considered as stakeholders including the government body, customers and employees and sometimes the industry rivals can equally affect the entire business process. The organizational management require to establish the concept of evaluation of strategic concepts regarding the stakeholders relationship management. The business ethics and morals addresses for the valuation of the stakeholders by all the business personnel. There are several model and frameworks to support the theory of Edward Freeman in his discussion of Stakeholders along with corporate governance (Hrisch, Freeman Schaltegger, 2014). Corporate reputation The corporate reputation is soft conception which needs to be handled by the organization sincerely. The concept is nothing but overall estimation about an organization held by the stakeholders of the company. A companys reputation depends on their presence over the mind of the target people of the business such as the customers (Wst Kreutzer, 2013). The reputation of a company get measured by the perception about a company to its target customers. The perception influences the growth path of the company and hence organizational accomplishments. Stakeholders of Bega Cheese Bega Cheese has applied the theory of stakeholders in their business and the company has acquired a high reputation in the Australian Dairy Market. The company runs a major business with extensive employees base (Corporate Governance, 2017). The company manages various Corporate Social Responsibilities for the local supporter and partners communities of Bega Valley NSW along with the regional Victoria. Apart from that, the company operates various media management strategies to express their growth and future business goals among their target customers base (Corporate Governance, 2017). The company enforces strategic management to please the local, national and the international media along with the customers and suppliers, distributors with the up to date information regarding business process of Bega Cheese Ltd. (Source: Created by author) There are various cheese companies in Australia who has grabbed reputation among the cheese lovers and competing an industrial battle with Bega Cheese, they are Montefiore Cheese Thats Amore Cheese La Vera Fine Cheese Unicorn Cheese Lion Dairys Cheese and many more. The Bega has played the role of the market leader from last century and it has built a very good reputation among their customers and it always keeps good relation with the media and trade unions (Business Review, 2017). Corporate Reputation Theory Corporate reputation is a valuable asset for an organization. In present day, the successful organizations considers the corporate reputation as their essential asset in their business. The corporate reputation of a firm lies with many branches of business operations such as Branding, Marketing, Social Media management and lastly the mass media management (Carroll, 2015). The concept of branding is related with establishing a crafted perception in the mind of the target customers. Along with that, branding means to build a unique image of the company and the product in the market through which the products can be distinguished among other similar products (Carroll, 2015). The Marketing concept relates with the management of the target customers along with the overall positioning of the company. The Social Media management means establishing an identity and communication with the supporters and the target customers over the social media or virtual platforms (Dijkmans, Kerkhof Beukebo om, 2015). The mass media management lies with the relationship building with the press and similar platforms. Company behavior and activities The company Bega Cheese always recognizes its stakeholders to maintain its corporate reputation in the market. The firm informs all the stakeholders in detailed manner about the major developments which affects the Bega Cheese. Along with that, the company maintains good relationship with all the investors to bring good image of the company in the market (Media, 2017). The company publishes on their website, the half yearly and yearly results statements and various notices and the general information about the company. Along with that, Bega Cheese maintain their presence over the social media like Twitter, Facebook and many more. In the official Facebook page, the company has maintained the growth in fan following along with the 2125 involvements in their daily posts. From the official site of Bega Cheese it can be identified that, more than expected people is following their page and regular updates, which means their target customers are taking interest in their products along with the company (Facebook, 2017). In the Twitter page, they are also regularly tweets about their activities and products and this influence their positioning and brand image in the market (Twitter, 2017). The company is participating in the battle of building brand image in the place of mass media. The company use to give various TV ads to generate more awareness about their product and the get more customers. The TV ads of Bega Cheese focuses on the quality of the raw materials they collects, the farmers with whom they are running their business and few of the real customers who reviews about their product in broader way (Media, 2017). The main focus in these TV ads is the yum factor and the creative textures of the cheese Bega made. Interpretation of Corporate reputation There are various factors influencing the corporate reputation of the company. The marketing strategies applied by Bega Cheese influences the presence over the Dairy market in Australia. The company has implied various marketing tools to acquire more customers, such as discounts and promotions on the products (Media, 2017). The company has introduced various push and pull promotion strategies to get more distributors for their products in the supermarkets of New South Wales and few areas of Victoria. The sales and distribution network of the company also effects their corporate reputation in the market and in front of their target customers. The company believes that, their major force are in the manufacturing process as they maintain the quality of the products with advanced technological tools. Along with that, the company has implemented various technological advancements in the fields of new and attractive product development and also adding more health benefits to their products (Sustainability, 2017). This production strategy also helps in building trust among the customers along with other stakeholders and influence the image of the company as a trustable loyal and honest organization in Australia. The presence over the social media also influence the corporate reputation of the company. Bega Cheese also considers their future employees as their stakeholders. For this purpose, they have made presence over the social media job sites like LinkedIn and naukri.com (LinkedIn, 2017). In these job sites they regularly updates about their company, the work life of the employees in the company and the opportunities for the new comers and future goals of the organization. This strategy makes the company serve the society with better employment and also makes the target customers about their presence over social media (LinkedIn, 2017). The press releases by the company over their websites about their future amenities, events and new product development makes the target customers get engaged with the company (Media, 2017). This strategy is implied to increase the awareness and get competitive advantage in the Australian Dairy market. Along with that, the company also focuses on the packaging and labeling of their product. The company carries a unique logo for all the products along with colorful packaging which can be easily notified by the target customers (Products, 2017). The marketing management, packaging is considered as necessary strategy to get identified among other various similar product. Bega Cheese follow this theory and strategically apply to get better identification in the cheese market of Australia (Products, 2017). Conclusion The report has gone through various analysis for understanding the corporate profile of the Bega Cheese in Australia. The researcher has understood that, the Bega Cheese is one of the biggest market player in Australian Dairy Industry and the company has achieves the success through various strategic decisions about their products. The company has also focused on their media management strategies and successfully maintaining good relationship with all their shareholders along with the stakeholders. The company puts effort to understand the taste and preferences of their target customers by maintaining their official pages over the social media. The report concludes that, Bega Cheese is a potential corporate business which is on the right track to achieve its organizational objectives. References: Bega Cheese. (2017). Begacheese.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.begacheese.com.au/ Business Review. (2017). Businessreviewaustralia.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/Bega-Cheese-Ltd/profiles/14/Bega-Cheese-Tastes-Victory Carroll, C. E. (2015). The handbook of communication and corporate reputation (Vol. 49). John Wiley Sons. Corporate Governance. (2017). Begacheese.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.begacheese.com.au/investors/corporate-governance/ Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation. Tourism Management, 47, 58-67. Facebook. (2017). Facebook.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.facebook.com/Bega-Cheese-377907365727800/?nr Farm Services. (2017). Begacheese.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.begacheese.com.au/farm-services/ Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C. (2013). Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance. Business ethics quarterly, 23(01), 97-124. Harrison, J. S., Freeman, R. E., de Abreu, M. C. S. (2015). Stakeholder Theory As an Ethical Approach to Effective Management: applying the theory to multiple contexts. Revista Brasileira de Gesto de Negcios, 17(55), 858. Hrisch, J., Freeman, R. E., Schaltegger, S. (2014). Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework. Organization Environment, 27(4), 328-346. LinkedIn. (2017). Linkedin.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.linkedin.com/company-beta/1143000/?pathWildcard=1143000 Media. (2017). Begacheese.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.begacheese.com.au/media/ Products. (2017). Begacheese.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.begacheese.com.au/products/ Sustainability. (2017). Begacheese.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.begacheese.com.au/sustainability/ Twitter. (2017). Twitter.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://twitter.com/hashtag/begacheese Wst, C., Kreutzer, R. (2013). Corporate Reputation Management. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Dialogkommunikation im digitalen Zeitalter, 47, 50-51.